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Bituminous waterproofing systems are designed to protect residential and commercial buildings. Bitumen (asphalt or coal-tar) is a mixed substance made up of organic liquids that are highly sticky, viscous, and waterproof. ==Roofing felt== Roofing felt (felt paper, asphalt felt paper) is a sheet material impregnated with bitumen (asphalt), similar to tar paper, used in building construction. The term ''felt'' comes from the historical method of making the base material. Felt is an unwoven fabric that is produced by matting fibres under pressure.〔Whitney, William Dwight. "Felt" def. 1-2. ''The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language'',. vol. 3. New York: The Century Co., 188991. 132. Print.〕 The fibres form the structure of the fabric. Roofing felt (formerly tar paper) is the base material used to make roof shingles and roll roofing. Typical uses of felt paper are as an underlay(ment) (sarking) beneath other building materials, particularly roofing and siding materials, and is one type of membrane used in asphalt built up roofing (BUR) systems. The purposes are to "...separate the roof covering from the roof deck...shed water...() provide secondary weather protection..."〔"Is Roofing Felt Underlayment Needed Under Roof Shingles, Tiles, Slate, Wood Shingles or Shakes?". Inspectapedia http://inspectapedia.com/roof/Roofing_Underlayment.htm accessed 3/11/2014 quoting "The Uses and Performance Requirements of Steep-Slope Roof Underlays in North America and the United Kingdom", Robert J. Booth, Keith Roberts, ''Proceedings of the North American Conference on Roofing Technology'', p. 112-118〕 Also, the rapid application of roofing underlay protects the roof deck during construction until the roofing material is applied and is required for roofs required to meet Underwriters Laboratory (UL) fire ratings.〔http://inspectapedia.com/roof/Roofing_Underlayment.htm#reviewers accessed 3/11/2014〕 The separation of the roof covering from the roof deck protects the roof covering from resins in some sheathing materials and cushions unevenness and old nails and splinters in re-roofing applications. The underlayment also sheds water, which penetrates the roof covering from an ordinary leak, a leak from wind-driven rain or snow, wind damage to the roof covering, or ice dams. However, the application of underlays may increase the roof temperature, which is the leading cause of ageing of asphalt shingles and felt paper wrinkles when it gets wet, which (rarely) shows through asphalt shingles. Not installing an underlay may void the roof covering warranty. Felt paper is available in several types. The two common grades of felt paper are called ''Type 1'' (No. 15) and ''Type 2'' (No. 30) felt. The "15" and "30" designations originated with organic base felt weighing 15lb or 30lb per 100 sq. ft. ( or per ). Now, they may still colloquially be called 15- or 30- ''pound'' felt but are technically called ''No. 15'' or ''No. 30'', and the fibreglass and polyester base felts are lighter weight. Another basic designation is ''organic'' or ''inorganic''. Organic felt paper has a base material made with formerly living materials such as rag fibre (hessian) or cellulose fibres (wood, or jute). Organic felt papers are now considered obsolete, only comprising five percent of the market in 1987.〔William Cullen, "Transitions in Roofing Technology" National Roofing Contractors' Association http://docserver.nrca.net/pdfs/technical/468.pdf accessed 3/11/2014〕 Inorganic ''base products'' are polyester, fibre glass developed in the 1950s, and historically, asbestos mat. Polyester mat is stronger than fibreglass and is gaining market share. Polyester mat is primarily used with the more flexible modified-bitumen felt products. Asbestos mat was the first inorganic base material but was outlawed in the 1980s for health reasons but is still in use on some buildings. Inorganic felts are lighter, more tear-resistant, more fire-resistant, and do not absorb water. Another type of felt paper is perforated for use in built-up roofing and is not for use as a water-resistant underlay. These products are bought in roll format and are pulled through the bitumen mixes on huge rollers. The base product becomes saturated in huge tanks by the tar-like bitumen substance, creating rolls of water-resistant but breathable material. The choice of which quality of underlay relates to the durability of the roofing material, such as using a double-layer of No. 30 felt or modified bitumen under slate or tile roofing or on low slope roofs (where leakage may be more likely) where a steep slope application of 25-year asphalt shingles a single layer NO. 15 felt is adequate.〔Joan P. Crowe, "Underlayment considerations: Steep-slope roof systems require different underlay installations". ''Professional Roofing Magazine'' May 2005 http://www.texasinspector.com/files/Underlayment-NRCA.pdf accessed 3/11/2014〕 ''Modified bitumen'' is mixed with filler components such as limestone, sand, or polymers such as atactic polypropylene (APP) that gives rigidity and tear resistance or styrene-butadiene styrene (SBS), a rubber additive that gives more elastic benefits.〔Anink, David, and John Mak. ''Handbook of sustainable building: an environmental preference method for selection of materials for use in construction and refurbishment''. Rev. ed. London: James & James, 2004. 62. Print.〕 The American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards that apply to felt paper are: * ASTM D226 / D226M - 09 Standard Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing * *Type I - #15 or 15 lb. perforated or non-perforated * *Type II - #30 or 30 lb. perforated or non-perforated * ASTM D4869 / D4869M - Standard Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Underlay Used in Steep Slope Roofing. ASTM 4869-03 now includes the non-perforated felt referred to in ASTM D226-97a which will be phased out. ASTM 4869-03 includes a liquid-water transmission test (shower test) and dimensional stability limits (wrinkling) which ASTM D226-97a does not include.〔 * *Type 1 - #8. Formerly ASTM D4869-93 Type I * *Type 2 - #13. Formerly ASTM D226-97a Type I (No. 15) * *Type 3 - #20. Formerly ASTM D4869-93 Type II * *Type 4 - #26. Formerly ASTM D226-97a Type II (No. 30) * ASTM D2178/D2178M-13a Standard Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing. * *Type IV has a 44 pound breaking strength * *Type VI has a 66 pound breaking strength * ASTM D6757 - 07(2013) Standard Specification for Underlay Felt Containing Inorganic Fibres Used in Steep-Slope Roofing. * D6222 Standard Specification for Atactic Polypropylene (APP) Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using Polyester Reinforcements * *Type 1 * *Type 2 * *Grade G, surface coated granules * *Grade S, smooth surface (uncoated) The Canadian Standards Association standards are: * CSA A123.3 Asphalt Saturated Organic Roofing Felt 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bituminous waterproofing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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